Catalytic conversion of CO2 into high value-added hydrocarbons over tandem catalyst
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摘要: 将CO2作为可利用的碳资源催化转化为高附加值化学品或液体燃料对于节能减排和碳资源的循环利用具有重要意义。由于CO2分子的化学惰性及高的C–C键耦合能垒，导致CO2的选择性活化及可控转化极具挑战。近年来，随着研究的不断深入及串联催化体系的构建，世界各国研究者在CO2催化加氢制备高附加值烃类方面取得了突破性的研究进展。然而，在串联催化过程中，Fe基催化剂或金属氧化物与分子筛间的协同匹配、活性组分间的组装方式、分子筛的孔道结构及酸性、以及反应条件及气氛均对CO2加氢的产物分布影响显著。有鉴于此，本综述针对CO2加氢制备高附加值烃(低碳烯烃、异构烷烃、汽油及芳烃)的串联催化反应体系，重点介绍串联催化剂上影响CO2活化、转化及目标产物生成的关键因素以及串联催化剂的稳定性，并在此基础上对CO2催化加氢的未来和前景进行总结和展望。Abstract: The conversion of CO2, an abundant carbon resource, into high value-added chemicals or liquid fuels is an attractive way to mitigate carbon emissions, which is also a sustainable approach for the cyclic utilization of carbon resources. However, the selective activation and controllable conversion of CO2 is challenging because of the inertness of CO2 and high C–C coupling barrier. In recent years, some obvious breakthroughs on CO2 hydrogenation to high value-added chemicals or liquid fuels have been made by construction of a tandem catalytic system. For the tandem catalysis, the matching of Fe-based catalyst or metal oxides and zeolites, the assembly between the two active sites, the pore structure and acidity of the zeolites, as well as the reaction conditions and atmosphere all have important effects on the product distribution. Herein, the critical factors affecting the CO2 activation and conversion and the formation of the target products, as well as the stability over the tandem catalysts are summarized. Finally, an outlook is provided.
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图 1 CO2加氢制备C2+烃的串联催化过程
Figure 1 Tandem catalysis of CO2 hydrogenation into C2+ hydrocarbons
图 2 不同串联催化剂上CO2加氢制低碳烯烃的可能反应机制
Figure 2 Possible reaction mechanisms for CO2 hydrogenation to lower olefins on different tandem catalysts
(a): Zn-Ga-O/SAPO-34[43]; (b): ZnZrO/SAPO[39] reproduced with permission from ref.[43, 39], Copyright (2018) The Royal Society of Chemistry, Copyright (2017) American Chemical Society
图 3 (a) In-Zr及SAPO-34的组装方式对串联催化剂上CO2加氢制低碳烯烃性能的影响[24]；(b) ZnZrO及SAPO的组装方式对串联催化剂上CO2加氢制低碳烯烃性能的影响[39]；(c) CuZnZr及SAPO-34两组分间的界面示意图[45]
Figure 3 (a) Effect of the assembly style between In-Zr and SAPO-34 on CO2 hydrogenation to lower olefins[24]; (b) Effect of the assembly style between ZnZrO and SAPO on CO2 hydrogenation to lower olefins[39]; (c) Schematic diagram of the interface between CuZnZr and SAPO-34[45] reproduced with permission from ref.[24, 39, 45], Copyright (2018 & 2017) American Chemical Society, Copyright (2019) Elsevier
图 5 (a) In-Zr/SAPO-34的催化性能随原料气中CO浓度的变化趋势[24]；(b)不同原料气氛下In2O3/ZrO2&SAPO催化剂上CO2转化制备低碳烯烃[68]
Figure 5 (a) Catalytic performance over In-Zr/SAPO-34 as a function of CO concentration[24]; (b) CO2 conversion to lower olefins from different feed gas over In2O3/ZrO2&SAPO catalyst[68] reproduced with permission from ref. [24, 68], Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society, Copyright (2019) Elsevier
图 6 不同串联催化剂上CO2加氢制低碳烯烃的(a)、(c)、(d)稳定性及(b)抗硫性能测试
Figure 6 (a), (c), (d) Stability and (b) sulfur tolerance test of different tandem catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to lower olefins
(a), (b): 20%Mn2O3-ZnO/SAPO-34[58]; (c): In2O3-ZnZrOx/SAPO-34-C[41]; (d): In2O3-ZnZrOx/SAPO-34-H-a[41] reproduced with permission from ref. [58, 41], Copyright (2021) Elsevier, Copyright (2019) John Wiley and Sons
图 7 (a) Na-Fe3O4/HMCM-22串联催化剂上CO2加氢制异构烷烃及积炭形成的反应机制[72]；(b) Fe-Zn-Zr/HY串联催化剂上CO2加氢制异构烷烃的反应路径[78]；(c) 物理黏接法制备Fe-Zn-Zr@zeolite核壳催化剂的示意图[46]
Figure 7 (a) Reaction scheme of isoalkanes synthesis and coke formation during CO2 hydrogenation over Na-Fe3O4/HMCM-22 catalyst[72]; (b) Proposed reaction path of isoalkanes formation from CO2 hydrogenation over Fe-Zn-Zr/HY composite catalyst[78]; (c) Illustration for the Fe-Zn-Zr@zeolite core-shell catalyst preparation by a cladding method[46] reproduced with permission from ref. [72, 78, 46], Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society, Copyright (2007) Elsevier, Copyright (2016) The Royal Society of Chemistry
图 8 两类活性组分间的组装方式对不同串联催化剂上CO2加氢制汽油性能的影响
Figure 8 Effect of the assembly style between the two active sites on CO2 hydrogenation to gasoline over the different tandem catalysts
(a): Na-Fe3O4/HZSM-5[79]; (b): In2O3/HZSM-5[80]; (c): Fe-Zn-Zr@HZSM-5[47] reproduced with permission from ref. [79, 80, 47], Copyright (2017) Springer Nature, Copyright (2019) The Royal Society of Chemistry
图 9 不同串联催化剂上CO2加氢制(a)、(b)异构烷烃及(c)、(d)汽油的稳定性测试
Figure 9 Stability tests of the different tandem catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to (a), (b) isoalkanes and (c), (d) gasolines
(a): Fresh Na-Fe3O4/zeolite[72]; (b): Regenerated Na-Fe3O4/HMCM-22[72]; (c): Na-Fe3O4/HZSM-5[79]; (d): In2O3/HZSM-5[80] reproduced with permission from ref. [72, 79, 80], Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society, Copyright (2017) Springer Nature
图 10 不同串联催化剂上CO2加氢制芳烃的反应路径及机制
Figure 10 Reaction paths and schematics of CO2 hydrogenation to aromatics on different tandem catalysts
(a): ZnFeOx-4.25Na/S-HZSM-5[81]; (b): 6.25Cu-Fe2O3/HZSM-5[84]; (c); ZnZrO/HZSM-5[40] reproduced with permission from ref. [81, 84, 40], Copyright (2019 & 2020) American Chemical Society, Copyright (2019) Elsevier
图 11 (a)、(b)、(c) 组装方式对不同串联催化剂上CO2加氢制芳烃性能的影响；(d) FeK1.5/HSG|HZSM-5(50)串联催化剂上CO2转化制芳烃的烯化-芳构化反应路径
Figure 11 (a), (b), (c) Effect of the assembly style between the two active sites on CO2 hydrogenation to aromatics over the different tandem catalysts; (d) Illustration of the olefination-aromatization reaction pathway for converting CO2 to aromatics over the FeK1.5/HSG|HZSM-5(50) tandem catalyst
(a): ZnFeOx-4.25Na/S-HZSM-5[81]; (b): 6.25Cu-Fe2O3/HZSM-5-c[84]; (c), (d): FeK1.5/HSG-HZSM-5(50)[83] reproduced with permission from ref. [81, 84, 83], Copyright (2019 & 2020 & 2019) American Chemical Society
图 12 两类活性组分间的组装方式对不同串联催化剂上CO2加氢制芳烃性能的影响
Figure 12 Effect of the assembly style between two active sites on CO2 hydrogenation to aromatics over different tandem catalysts
(a): ZnZrO/HZSM-5[40]; (b): Cr2O3/HZSM-5[27]; (c): ZnAlOx&HZSM-5[87] reproduced with permission from ref. [40, 27, 87], Copyright (2019) Elsevier, Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society
图 13 (a) 分子筛类型对FeK1.5/HSG|zeolite催化剂上CO2转化率及产物选择性的影响[83]；(b) 串联催化剂上芳烃分布及 (c)Cr2O3/H-ZSM-5@S-1上高选择性生成BTX的机制[27]
Figure 13 (a) Effect of zeolite types on the CO2 conversion and product selectivity over the FeK1.5/HSG|zeolite catalysts[83]; (b) Fractions of products in aromatics over the tandem catalysts and (C) Scheme of highly selective production of BTX over Cr2O3/H-ZSM-5@S-1[27] reproduced with permission from ref. [83, 27], Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society
图 14 (a) N2及CO2气氛下HZSM-5及Cr2O3/H-ZSM-5催化剂上甲醇芳构化性能及(b)串联反应中合成芳烃的CO2-辅助作用示意图[89]
Figure 14 (a) Catalytic performances of H-ZSM-5 and Cr2O3/H-ZSM-5 for MTA under N2 and CO2 atmospheres and (b) Schematic representation of the CO2-assisted effect for the synthesis of aromatics in the tandem reaction[89] reproduced with permission from ref. [89], Copyright (2019) John Wiley and Sons
图 15 不同串联催化剂上CO2加氢制芳烃的稳定性测试
Figure 15 Stability tests of the different tandem catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to aromatics
(a) ZnZrO/ZSM-5[40]; (b) ZnAlOx&H-ZSM-5[87]; (c) ZnO/ZrO2-ZSM5[86]; (d) ZnFeOx-4.25Na/S-HZSM-5[81] reproduced with permission from ref. [40, 87, 86, 81], Copyright (2019 & 2019) Elsevier, Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society
图 16 CO2加氢制备C2+烃的串联催化过程
Figure 16 Tandem catalysis process of CO2 hydrogenation to C2+ hydrocarbons
表 1 串联催化剂上CO2加氢制低碳烯烃的催化性能
Table 1 Catalytic performances of CO2 hydrogenation to lower olefins over the tandem catalysts
Catalyst t /℃ p /MPa ${x_{{\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2}}} $ /% ${s_{{\rm{C}}_2^ = - {\rm{C}}_4^ = } }$ /%* In-Zr/SAPO-34 (Granule-mixing)[24] 400 3 35.5 76.4 In2O3-ZnZrOx/SAPO-34 (Granule-mixing)[41] 380 3 17.0 85.0 1In2O3/ZrO2-1SAPO-34 (Powder-mixing)[42] 400 1.5 ~20.0 80.0–90.0 InCrOx(0.13)/SAPO-34 (Powder-mixing)[25] 350 1 17.2 89.1 ZnGa2O4/SAPO-34 (Powder-mixing)[43] 370 3 13.0 86.0 ZnZrO/SAPO-34 (Powder-mixing)[39] 380 2 12.6 80.0 Zr8Cd1/SAPO-18 (Powder-mixing)[44] 370 2.5 17.8 85.6 CuZnZr@Zn–SAPO-34 (Core-shell)[45] 400 2 19.6 60.5 Zn0.5Ce0.2Zr1.8O4/H-RUB-13 (Powder-mixing)[57] 350 1 10.7 83.4 Mn2O3-ZnO/SAPO-34 (Ball milling-mixing)[58] 380 3 29.8 80.2 *: ${\rm{C} }_{2}^{=}$–${\rm{C} }_{4}^{=}$ selectivity in all hydrocarbons 
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表 2 串联催化剂上CO2加氢制异构烷烃及汽油的催化性能
Table 2 Catalytic performances of CO2 hydrogenation to isoalkanes and gasoline over the tandem catalysts
Catalyst t /℃ p /MPa ${x_{{\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2}}} $ /% sisoalkanes or gasoline /% Fe-Cu-Na/US-Y(10.7) (Physical-mixing)[71] 250 2 11.5 77.3a Na-Fe3O4/HMCM-22(Dual-bed)[72] 320 3 26.0 74.0b 92.6Fe7.4K+HZSM-5 (Granule-mixing)[73] 300 2.5 43.9 69.7a NaFe+SAPO-11+HZSM-5(Triple-bed)[74] 320 3 31.2 38.2c Fe-Zn-Zr/HY (Granule-mixing)[76] 340 5 22.4 55.3a Fe-Zn-Zr@HZSM-5-Hbeta (Core-shell)[46] 340 5 14.9 81.3d Fe-Zn-Zr@HZSM-5 (Core-shell)[47] 340 5 21.5 91.9e Na-Fe3O4/HZSM-5 (Granule-mixing)[79] 320 3 22.0 78.0f In2O3/HZSM-5 (Granule-mixing)[80] 340 3 13.1 78.6f a: C4–C6 isoalkanes selectivity in C4–C6 hydrocarbons；b: C4+ isoalkanes selectivity in C4+ hydrocarbons；c: C5+ isoalkanes selectivity in all hydrocarbons；d: C4+ isoalkanes selectivity in all hydrocarbons；e: C5+ isoalkanes selectivity in C5+ hydrocarbons；f: C5–C11 or C5+ hydrocarbons in all hydrocarbons
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表 3 串联催化剂上CO2加氢制芳烃的催化性能
Table 3 Catalytic performances of CO2 hydrogenation to aromatics over the tandem catalysts
Catalyst t /℃ p /MPa ${x_{{\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2}}}$ /% saromatics /% ZnFeOx-4.25Na/S-HZSM-5 (Granule-mixing)[81] 320 3 41.2 75.6 Na/Fe-HZSM-5 (Granule-mixing)[82] 320 1 29.4 54.3 FeK1.5/HSG-HZSM-5 (Dual-bed)[83] 340 2 35.0 68.0 6.25Cu-Fe2O3/HZSM-5 (Granule-mixing)[84] 320 3 57.3 56.6 ZnZrO/ZSM-5 (Powder-mixing)[40] 320 4 14.0 73.0 ae-ZnO-ZrO2/Z5 (Powder-mixing)[85] 340 4 16.0 76.0 ZnO/ZrO2-ZSM-5 (Powder-mixing)[86] 340 3 9.0 70.0 ZnAlOx & HZSM-5 (Powder-mixing)[87] 320 3 9.1 73.9 Cr2O3/HZSM-5 (Powder-mixing)[27] 350 3 34.5 76.0 ZnCrOx-ZnZSM-5 (Powder-mixing)[88] 320 5 19.9 81.1* * Aromatics selectivity in C5+ hydrocarbons, the others are the aromatics selectivity in all hydrocarbons
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