Performance evaluation of Fe-Ni compound oxygen carriers derived from biochar template for chemical looping hydrogen generation
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摘要: 采用松木热解生物炭为模板构筑Fe-Ni复合载氧体（Fe-Ni/BC），并与溶胶-凝胶法制备的NiFe2O4载氧体（NiFe2O4/SG）对比，采用SEM、XRD、XPS、BET、H2-TPR、TG-redox循环等表征方法考察载氧体的物理、化学性质，并在固定床上进行化学链制氢循环实验。结果表明，Fe-Ni/BC载氧体为Ni0.6Fe2.4O4与Fe2O3的混合晶体，保留了生物炭骨架并形成了大孔结构。与NiFe2O4/SG相比，Fe-Ni/BC平均粒径更小，比表面积更大，吸附氧含量更高，更有利于氧的释放。在固定床实验过程中，Fe-Ni/BC表现出更强的化学链制氢与抗积炭性能，其最大产氢速率是NiFe2O4/SG的1.58倍，制取H2的相对浓度可达到99.5%以上。Abstract: Fe-Ni oxygen carriers (Fe-Ni/BC) were prepared by using pine biochar as a template, and compared with NiFe2O4 oxygen carriers synthesized by sol-gel method. The obtained oxygen carriers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurement, hydrogen-temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), and thermos-gravimetric redox-cycling (TG-redox). Furthermore, the performance of chemical looping hydrogen generation was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. The results show that the prepared Fe-Ni/BC is a mixed crystal of Ni0.6Fe2.4O4 and Fe2O3, retaining the framework of biochar and having a macroporous structure. Fe-Ni/BC outperforms NiFe2O4/SG in oxygen release, because of small average particle size, high specific surface area and abundant surface absorbed oxygen. In the fixed-bed tests, Fe-Ni/BC exhibits a better capability of hydrogen production and anti-carbon deposition with the maximum rate of hydrogen production for Fe-Ni/BC, 1.58 times that for NiFe2O4/SG, and the relative concentration of H2 produced by Fe-Ni/BC is more than 99.5%.
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Key words:
- biochar /
- oxygen carrier /
- chemical looping hydrogen generation
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图 3 生物炭与载氧体的SEM照片
Figure 3 SEM images of the biochar and oxygen carriers
(a): biochar; (b): biochar impregnated with nitrate; (c), (d), (e): Fe-Ni/BC; (f): NiFe2O4/SG
图 8 第一个循环过程中还原阶段气体组分变化
Figure 8 Gas concentrations in the reduction step of the first cycle
图 9 第一个循环过程中还原阶段气体中C保留率变化
Figure 9 Retention rate of C in gas during the reduction step of the first cycle
图 10 第一个循环过程中水蒸气氧化阶段气体产率及总产量
Figure 10 Gas production rate and total output in the steam oxidation step of the first cycle
(a): gas yield rate; (b): gas yield
图 11 五个循环水蒸气氧化阶段的H2产量变化
Figure 11 H2 production in the steam oxidation step of 5 cycles
图 12 反应后载氧体的XRD谱图
Figure 12 XRD patterns of the oxygen carriers after reaction
(a): reduced; (b): after 5-cycle reaction
图 13 载氧体五个与10个循环后的SEM照片
Figure 13 SEM images of the oxygen carriers after reaction
(a): NiFe2O4/SG after 5-cycle reaction; (b): Fe-Ni/BC after 5-cycle reaction;
(c): NiFe2O4/SG after 10-cycle reaction; (d): Fe-Ni/BC after 10-cycle reaction表 1 松木及生物炭元素分析与工业分析
Table 1 Ultimate and proximate analyses of pine and biochar
Sample Ultimate analyses wd/% Proximate analyses wd/% C H N S O* V FC A Pine 48.8 6.68 0.06 - 44.2 82.4 17.4 0.24 Biochar 73.0 4.39 0.25 - 21.3 32.9 66.0 1.08 -: below detection limit; *: by difference 
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表 2 载氧体BET比表面积与粒径分布
Table 2 BET specific surface area and particle size distribution of the oxygen carriers
Sample BET specific surface area A/(m2·g-1) Particle size distribution d/μm d10% d50% d90% NiFe2O4/SG 2.38 60.3 267.8 868.2 Fe-Ni/BC 3.28 5.8 108.9 904.8 d10%, d50% and d90% : the equivalent diameter when the cumulative distribution in sample distribution curve was 10%, 50% and 90%, respectively
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表 3 载氧体XRF分析
Table 3 XRF data of the oxygen carriers
Element w/% NiFe2O4/SG Fe-Ni/BC Fe 46.318 47.203 O 26.794 28.329 Ni 26.755 24.520 Na - 0.067 Mg - 0.192 K - 0.048 Ca 0.006 1.538 P 0.002 0.081 Si 0.030 0.073 S 0.002 0.057 Al 0.023 0.079 Mn 0.007 0.059 Cu 0.024 0.028 Cr 0.023 - -: below detection limit
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表 4 载氧体表面O与Fe元素XPS分析
Table 4 XPS data of oxygen and iron on the surface of oxygen carriers
Sample O species percentages /% OⅡ/OⅠ
(Oads/Olatt)Fe species percentages /% Fe Ⅰ/ Fe Ⅱ OⅠ OⅡ Fe Ⅰ Fe Ⅱ NiFe2O4/SG 59.36 40.64 0.68 15.88 52.22 0.30 Fe-Ni/BC 55.87 44.13 0.79 15.92 49.92 0.32
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表 5 TG-Redox循环实验
Table 5 Experimental data of TG-Redox
Number of cycles NiFe2O4/SG Fe-Ni/BC ΔmR/% tR/min ΔmO/% tO/min ΔmR /% tR /min ΔmO /% tO /min NO.1 26.7 8.3 0.0 27.0 25.7 7.7 0.2 9.2 NO.2 26.7 11.9 0.1 47.8 25.9 8.1 0.5 9.7 NO.3 26.1 12.9 3.2 50.0 25.9 8.9 0.5 13.2 NO.4 26.2 12.2 3.2 50.0 25.7 8.5 0.7 35.8 NO.5 26.1 12.9 5.8 50.0 25.3 9.4 1.0 47.8 NO.6 25.8 13.1 3.3 50.0 25.4 10.1 1.4 47.9 NO.7 26.3 13.2 8.7 50.0 25.6 13.1 2.3 48.0 NO.8 26.0 14.3 5.6 50.0 25.2 13.4 2.4 48.9 NO.9 26.6 12.7 10.7 50.0 25.4 13.8 2.5 50.0 NO.10 26.0 15.2 5.9 50.0 25.5 14.6 3.7 50.0 ΔmR: maximum weight loss rate; tR: the time to maximum weight loss rate；ΔmO: maximum oxidizing weight loss rate; tO: the time to maximum oxidizing weight loss rate
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