Research progress on emission and control technologies of arsenic, selenium and lead in coal-fired power plants
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摘要: 煤炭是中国重要的能源资源，而中国煤中重金属砷、硒、铅含量较高，燃煤电厂已经成为重要的砷、硒、铅排放源之一。针对电厂燃煤带来严峻的砷、硒、铅污染问题，本文首先介绍了燃煤释放的砷、硒、铅排放量大且危害性强，概述了世界各国关于重金属排放控制的相关政策法规，指出中国对燃煤重金属砷、硒、铅的排放控制势在必行；其次从煤中赋存形态、燃烧过程中的形态转化和质量分布三个方面阐释了燃煤过程中砷、硒、铅的迁移转化规律，重点描述了砷、硒、铅在颗粒物上的形态特征和尺度分布；最后综述了燃烧前、燃烧中和燃烧后对砷、硒、铅的排放控制技术，详述了吸附剂捕集和烟气净化装置协同脱除的研究进展，并论述了低低温除尘器和团聚技术对砷、硒、铅的强化脱除潜力。以期为燃煤电厂重金属砷、硒、铅超低排放的实现提供参考和指导。Abstract: Coal is the most significant source of energy generation in China, but the high content of arsenic/selenium/lead in coal has made coal-fired power plants become one of the main anthropogenic emission sources of them. To solve the serious problem on arsenic/selenium/lead pollution from coal-fired power plants, this paper firstly introduces the discharge and harmfulness of arsenic/selenium/lead released from coal-fired power plants, and summarizes the relevant domestic and foreign regulations on heavy metals emission control, then points out that it is necessary to control their emission from coal-fired power plants in China. Secondly, the migration and transformation behaviors of arsenic/selenium/lead during coal combustion are illustrated from the perspectives of occurrence form, speciation transformation and mass distribution, focusing on their speciation characteristics and size distribution in particulate matters. Finally, the control technologies pre-, in- and post-combustion are reviewed, and the research progress on their removal by adsorbents and air pollution control devices (APCDs) is described in detail. Meanwhile, the potential for strengthening the removal by electrostatic precipitators equipped with low temperature economizer and agglomeration technologies is discussed. In conclusion, it is aimed to provide reference and guidance for realization of ultra-low emission of arsenic/selenium/lead in coal-fired power plants.
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图 1 不同赋存形态重金属的释放特性
Figure 1 Release characteristics of heavy metals in different forms
(a): arsenic; (b): selenium; (c): lead ☆: organic-bound; ○: sulfide-bound; △: aluminosilicate-bound; □: raw coal
图 2 不同电厂不同级飞灰中砷的结合形态[43]
Figure 2 Arsenic speciation in fly ashes collected from different hoppers of four power plants[43]
: non-specifically adsorbed As; : specifically adsorbed As; : calcite-bound As; : amorphous and poorly-crystalline Fe/Al-bound As; : well-crystallized Fe/Al-bound As
(with permission from Elsevier)
图 5 燃煤过程中砷、硒、铅的迁移转化过程示意图
Figure 5 Migration and transformation behavior of arsenic, selenium and lead during coal combustion
图 11 燃煤电厂烟气净化装置协同脱除重金属过程示意图
Figure 11 Synergistic removal process of TEs from flue gas by air pollution control devices
表 1 全球煤中砷、硒、铅的平均含量
Table 1 The average content of arsenic, selenium and lead in coals over the world
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表 2 美国燃煤电厂重金属砷、硒、铅排放限值[15]
Table 2 Emission limits for arsenic, selenium and lead from coal-fired power plants in the United States[15]
TEs Existing coal-fired power plants /(μg·m-3) New or reconstructed coal-fired power plants /(μg·m-3) As 2.7 0.4 Se 8.2 6.8 Pb 2.7 2.7
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表 3 烟气中砷、硒、铅的质量分布
Table 3 Mass distribution of arsenic, selenium and lead in the flue gas
TEs Vapor phases /% Particulate phases /% References As 0.01-32.4 67.6-99.99 Guo[53]; Zhao et al[54]; Yi et al[55]; Zhou et al[56]; Sandelin et al[57]; Nalbandian et al[58]; Ratafia-Brown et al[59]; Córdoba et al[60] Se 13.3-61.7 38.3-86.7 Guo[53]; Yi et al[55]; Meij et al[61]; Sandelin et al[57]; Nalbandian et al[58]; Ratafia-Brown et al[59]; Córdoba et al[60] Pb 0.02-30.5 69.5-99.98 Zhao et al[54]; Zhou et al[56]; Sandelin et al[57]; Nalbandian et al[58]; Ratafia-Brown et al[59]; Deng et al[62]; Sun[63]
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表 4 烟气净化装置对砷、硒、铅的脱除效率
Table 4 Removal efficiency of arsenic, selenium and lead by air pollution control devices
APCDs Removal efficiency /% References As Se Pb ESP 72.3-99.98 34.2-90.7 91.85-99.95 Hua et al[108]; Chang et al[105]; Meij et al[109]; Zhang et al[110] FF 99 65 95.12 Deng et al[62]; Brekke et al[111] EFF 90-99.85 - 90-99.95 Wang et al[112]; Zhao et al[103] WFGD 7.69-85.8 12.5-66.7 35.67-77.81 Li et al[113]; Deng et al[62]; Cheng et al[104]; Chang et al[105] WESP 83.33 23.06 32.87-84.38 Wang et al[106]; Zhao et al[103]
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